Nuclei: Environment variable disclosure via Response-Derived DSL Expressions

A vulnerability in Nuclei's expression evaluation engine makes it possible for a malicious target server to inject and execute supported DSL expressions. This happens when HTTP response data containing helper/function syntax gets reused by multi-step templates. If the -env-vars / -ev option is explicitly enabled, this can expose host environment variables. That option is off by default, so standard configurations are not affected by the information disclosure risk.

Affected Component

The issue lives in expressions.Evaluate() at pkg/protocols/common/expressions/ and in the unresolved-variable validation path (hasLiteralsOnly()).

Description

expressions.Evaluate() replaces placeholders first, then scans the substituted output for expressions. Because of this two-pass approach, response-derived values (including extractor output and response body content) can be reinterpreted as DSL/helper syntax on the second pass.

When -env-vars (-ev) is enabled, environment variables get merged into the template variable map. A malicious target can return response data containing expressions like {{env_var_name}} which, when reused in a subsequent template request, resolve to actual environment variable values. This can expose sensitive host data like API keys, credentials, and tokens.

Without -ev enabled (the default), injected DSL expressions may still trigger helper functions such as {{md5("test")}}, but this has no meaningful security impact beyond unexpected behavior.

There is also a separate issue in hasLiteralsOnly(): it was evaluating helper expressions while deciding whether {{...}} contained unresolved variables, which caused validation logic to run side-effectful helpers even when the final request kept the value as a literal.

[!NOTE] The -env-vars / -ev option is off by default. Users who have not explicitly turned it on are not affected by the information disclosure aspect of this vulnerability.

Affected Users

• CLI users running multi-step templates (with extractors or flow-based request chaining) that reuse response-derived values against untrusted or attacker-controlled targets, with the -ev flag enabled.
• SDK users who have integrated Nuclei into platforms where EnvironmentVariables is set to true and scan targets are not fully trusted.