| Package | Affected versions | Patched versions |
|---|---|---|
| nginx | < 1.21.0 | 1.21.0 |
| sendmail | < 8.17 | 8.17 |
| vsftpd | < 3.0.4 | 3.0.4 |
ALPACA is an application layer protocol content confusion attack, exploiting TLS servers implementing different protocols but using compatible certificates, such as multi-domain or wildcard certificates. A MiTM attacker having access to victim's traffic at the TCP/IP layer can redirect traffic from one subdomain to another, resulting in a valid TLS session. This breaks the authentication of TLS and cross-protocol attacks may be possible where the behavior of one protocol service may compromise the other at the application layer.
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