PyJWT: Uncaught RecursionError in jwt.decode() on deeply nested token header

Package

pyjwt (PyPI)

Affected versions

tested & verified on: 2.13.0. Every version whose PyJWS._load() translates only ValueError is affected

Description

PyJWS._looad() (jwt/api_jws.py:337) splits the compact token, base64url decodes the header segment and hands it to json.loads() before _verify_signature() runs. The parse is wrapped in except ValueError as e: raise DecodeError(...). That is what makes the documented contract sufficient for untrusted input: except jwt.PyJWTError (or InvalidTokenError) around jwt.decode(token, key, algorithms=[...]).

CPython's JSON decoder raises RecursionError (a RuntimeError subclass, not a ValueError) once nesting crosses the native stack guard. That exception leaves _load(), then jwt.decode(), and matches no PyJWTError handlerr at all. No key and no valid signature are needed: the header is parsed first, so a single unauthenticated request with an unsigned token suffices.

Scope: the recursion threshold is ~65,000 nesting levels; below it the same input yields a clean DecodeError (a 346,800-byte flat header is rejected normally, so depth, not size, is the trigger). A token this large cannot ride in an Authorization header (rejected at HTTP field limits,431 under gunicorn), but body transport (RFC 7662 introspection style) is a standard pattern. Under Flask 3.1.3 / gunicorn 26.2.0 each crafted request returns HTTP 500 instead of 401 and writes a full traceback to the error log; the sync worker survives.

Proof of concept

Against any endpoint that validates a token from its JSON body with the documented pattern:

import base64, json, http.client

def b64url(b): return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(b).rstrip(b"=")

# unsigned token: the header segment is 200,000 nested '[' (266,681 bytes total)
token = (b64url(b"[" * 200_000) + b"." + b64url(b'{"a":1}') + b"." + b64url(b"x")).decode()

conn = http.client.HTTPConnection("127.0.0.1", 8125, timeout=30)
conn.request("POST", "/api/protected", body=json.dumps({"token": token}),
             headers={"Content-Type": "application/json"})
print(conn.getresponse().status)   # 500, expected 401

Determinism: 20/20 crafted requests returned 500 against the reference container (PyJWT 2.13.0, Flask 3.1.3, gunicorn 26.2.0, Python 3.14.7) in 0.12 s (about 6 ms per request in a tight loop, 14 ms for a cold request), each leaving a RecursionError: Stack overflow ... while decoding a JSON array traceback in the error log.